Rising Health Concerns in Gujarat: Threat of Malta Fever, what precautions should you take?

The year 2024 has not been particularly favorable for Gujarat, with the state grappling with health challenges. At the beginning of the year, mumps affected many residents, and currently, there is an increase in cases of the Chandipura virus. Recent studies indicate a heightened risk of avian flu and Brucellosis, commonly known as Malta fever.

According to research conducted by the Center for One Health Education, Research and Development, the climatic and situational factors in Gujarat are creating conditions that elevate the risk of Malta fever compared to other states. Globally, approximately 500,000 cases of Malta fever are reported annually, which can lead to complications such as joint pain, and may exacerbate existing joint issues. Additionally, there is a potential for increased problems related to the heart, liver, and brain.

What is Malta Fever?

Malta fever is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is also referred to as brucellosis and Mediterranean fever. The disease primarily spreads through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.

How Malta Fever Affects Humans

The bacterium responsible for Malta fever, Brucella, can enter the human body through various routes, including the mouth, nose, eyes, and through cuts or abrasions on the skin. Once inside, it can proliferate in the lymph nodes or tissues and subsequently infect various body parts, including the heart, liver, brain, and bones, leading to inflammation and damage.

Symptoms of Malta Fever

Symptoms of Malta fever can take two to four weeks, or sometimes longer, to manifest after infection. These symptoms may persist for months or even years and can recur after apparent recovery.

Causes of Malta Fever Spread

Several strains of Brucella bacteria are responsible for Malta fever, primarily B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis, which are typically carried by animals. The disease can spread through:

Consuming unpasteurized dairy products, such as raw milk, cheese, and ice cream.

Touching infected animal tissues or body fluids.

Inhaling air particles contaminated with the bacteria, often from the meat of infected animals.

Rarely, through pregnancy, breastfeeding, or sexual contact.

Complications of Malta Fever

Without timely treatment, Malta fever can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, and liver.

Treatment for Malta Fever

Malta fever is treated with antibiotics, typically requiring a combination of at least two types. Treatment may last from six to eight weeks, depending on the individual's condition. Doctors may tailor treatment approaches based on the patient's age and overall health.

Prevention of Malta Fever

To reduce the risk of Malta fever, consider the following precautions:

Wear protective clothing when working with animals.

Avoid eating or drinking in areas where potentially infected animals are present.

Do not consume raw milk or unpasteurized dairy products.

Workers in farms, slaughterhouses, or meat packing plants should use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, aprons, and goggles.